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In the United States, a boxed warning (sometimes 'black box warning', colloquially) is a type of warning that appears on the package insert for certain prescription drugs, so called because the U.S. Food and Drug Administration specifies that it is formatted with a 'box' or border around the text.〔"The heading and the summary must be contained within a box and bolded." 21CFR201.57 Subpart B (a)(4)〕 The FDA can require a pharmaceutical company to place a boxed warning on the labeling of a prescription drug, or in literature describing it. It is the strongest warning that the FDA requires, and signifies that medical studies indicate that the drug carries a significant risk of serious or even life-threatening adverse effects. 〔National Institute of Mental Health, (Antidepressant Medications for Children and Adolescents: Information for Parents and Caregivers )."〕 Economists and physicians have thoroughly studied the effects of FDA boxed warnings on prescription patterns. It is not necessarily true that a physician and patient will have a conversation about a drug's boxed warning after it is issued.〔Shah ND, Montori VM, Krumholz HM, Tu K, Alexander GC, Jackevicius CA. Geographic Variation in the Response to FDA Boxed Warnings for Rosiglitazone. N Engl J Med. 2010;22:2081-2084. ()〕 For instance, an FDA-mandated boxed warning decreased rosiglitazone use by 70%, but that still meant 3.8 million people were given the drug. Later research indicated that after receiving an FDA advisory, there was a decrease in rosiglitazone use, due to a combined effect of media exposure, advisory, and scientific publications, whereas pioglitazone (with a similar advisory but less media exposure) did not similarly decrease in use.〔Cohen A, Rabbani A, Shah N, Alexander GC. Changes in glitazone use among office-based physicians in the United States, 2003-2009. Diabetes care. 2010;33:823-825. ()〕 This challenges the idea that physicians and patients will have a conversation after a boxed warning is issued. Throughout the country, boxed warnings will be translated into prescription patterns differently by different physicians. In 2005, the FDA issued a boxed warning regarding the risk of atypical antipsychotics being prescribed among elderly patients with dementia. This advisory was associated with a decrease in use of antipsychotics, especially in elderly patients with dementia.〔Dorsey R, Rabbani A, Gallagher SA, Conti R, Alexander GC. The impact of boxed warnings on the use of atypical antipsychotic medicines. Archives of Internal Medicine. 2010;170:96-103. ()〕 ==Examples== Boxed warnings on drugs have received increased media attention in the United States since 2004. Among some of the more widely covered stories: * The FDA has required that boxed warnings be placed on all antidepressant medications warning they may result in increased risk of suicidal tendencies in children, adolescents, and young adults aged 18-24 years old. * FDA advisors have recommended that Pfizer be required to place a boxed warning on their non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug Celebrex (celecoxib) for cardiovascular and gastrointestinal risks. * As of 17 November 2004, the FDA has required a boxed warning on the Depo-Provera contraceptive injection, due to the risk of significant loss of bone density with long-term use. * As of October 9, 2006, the FDA added a boxed warning to the anticoagulant warfarin due to the risk of bleeding to death. * In February 2006, the FDA's Drug Safety and Risk Management Advisory Committee voted to include boxed warnings on methylphenidate formulations used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, such as Ritalin (methylphenidate), due to possible cardiovascular side-effects. A month later, the agency's Pediatric Advisory Committee effectively rejected recommending boxed warnings for both cardiovascular and psychiatric adverse effects. (Minutes and transcripts of the relevant meetings are available on the FDA website.)〔Pediatric Advisory Committee documentation available at: 〕〔Drug Safety and Risk Management documentation available at: 〕 * On November 14, 2007, the FDA added a boxed warning to the diabetes medication Avandia (rosiglitazone), citing the risk of heart failure or heart attack to patients with underlying heart disease, or are at a high heart attack risk. * On July 8, 2008, the FDA ordered a boxed warning on certain antibiotic medications containing fluoroquinolone, which has been linked to tendon ruptures and tendinitis. Included were the popular drugs Cipro (ciprofloxacin), Levaquin (levofloxacin), Avelox (moxifloxacin), Noroxin (norfloxacin) and Floxin (ofloxacin). * As of July 1, 2009, the FDA requires Chantix (varenicline) to carry a boxed warning due to public reports of side effects including depression, suicidal thoughts, and suicidal actions.〔(【引用サイトリンク】author=FDA )〕 * On October 27, 2010, the FDA issued a boxed warning regarding the use of Metacam (meloxicam) oral suspension in cats in the United States. Meloxicam is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is approved in the U.S. for a single post-operative injection in cats. * As of May 2013, the FDA issued a boxed warning regarding the use of thyroid hormone stimulating agents in treatment of obesity.〔http://reference.medscape.com/drug/thyrolar-liotrix-342737#5〕 Data does not indicate any benefits to using these agents for weight loss. Data does indicate an increased risk of life-threatening cardiovascular events when high levels of these agents are used in hypothyroid populations. Euthyroid populations demonstrate increased CV risk at clinical doses. Hypothyroid agents should not be used in combination with sympathomimetic agents including: stimulants, and diet pills, due to increased CV risks. * In July 2013, the FDA issued a boxed warning for the antimalarial drug mefloquine, noting the drug's adverse neuropsychiatric side effects, and emphasizing neurological effects from the drug could "occur at any time during drug use, and can last for months to years after the drug is stopped or can be permanent". 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「boxed warning」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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